Vegetarianism Could Save the Planet

A. Students' Declaration I hereby declare that this project report has been written by me and no part has been copied from any source other than the ones I have mentioned in the reference. Topic: Vegetarianism could save the planet. Discuss Name: Md. Reaz Uddin Yousuf ID# 504802 Class: EAP-3. 01 B. Acknowledgement One good reason to write a research report is to express publicly one's gratitude for those who has offered their help during the difficult process of gaining knowledge. I would like to express my gratitude to many people who have contributed to this research endeavor.First, I would like to thank my advisor, Kari & Vicki. Their trust, encouragement, support, and guidance provided an enjoyable atmosphere for me to pursue knowledge and grow intellectually. Without their initial enthusiasm this research would have been quite difficult to undertake. Their constructive criticisms motivated me to explore various aspects of the topic. I am extremely grateful to them as they gave m e the immense opportunities and exposure that one would require to complete this research.Next, I would also like to thank all of my friends and my near & dear ones who let me do my project with freedom, without putting any restrictions and always supporting and inspiring me until the end. Words alone cannot express what I owe them for their encouragement, patience and love which enabled me to complete this paper. The One without Whom my thanksgiving is incomplete is the Almighty ALLAH (GOD); I want to thank the Lord for His continual blessings in my life in addition to all the support He provided me with, through all the above mentioned aspects.I put my trust on Him, and He continues to make my paths straight. â€Å"Nothing will benefit human health and increase chances for survival on Earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian diet†-Albert Einstein Various ethical reasons have been recommended for choosing vegetarianism under various religious beliefs along with the con cept of animal rights. Vegetarianism influences the people for plant-based diets with the keeping out of meat (red meat, poultry, and seafood). The majority of people who are overweight or obese increase with age due to fat, which in most of the cases, come from animals’ fat (Foer, 2009).Maintained by seniors, yet often forced upon children, to maintain a healthy diet and reasonable weight vegetable and fruit are the most valuable food. People with the highest consumption of vegetables and fruits could save the planet by consumption of less animal products and keeping the land fertile by reduced soil erosion & water contamination. Well-planned vegetarian diets are suitable for all stages of the life succession, including pregnancy, childhood & for athletes.A 2010 study compared a group of vegetarian and non- vegetarian in which vegetarians scored less depression tests and had better mind profiles. A vegetarian diet excludes all animal products, including eggs, dairy, honey th at means all food which directly or indirectly comes from animals. Production of animal feed consumes about one-third of Earth’s total arable land. (Vegetarianism and environment, 2010)Removing vegetation exposes the ground to more intense solar radiation, which increases evaporation and the risk that plants not eaten by cattle will die from lack of water.When the vegetative cover is removed it’s easily saying that the fertility of soil is easily decreased. Because when farmers cultivate the land they use some chemical which helps the land become fertile. So, by not killing the animals which are needed for our environment as well as to keep our planet balanced by saving our land, vegetarian people save the planet. On the other hand, some people think that becoming a vegetarian is not necessary for many individuals & religion as it is also harmful to stop eating animals. It may be a reason for a lower number of vegetarian people live in the society.Animal produced for f ood can benefit the environment. They also think that, wastes are created by animal which are decomposed by land and the process of decomposing releases necessary minerals and nutrients, so that the next generation of plant life and other living organisms can be benefited from them. Though meat is good for health, according to the critics, when erosion on farmland is not check properly and timely manner, so much topsoil can fade away that, that’s why most of the farmland can no longer be used to grow crops.Most of the farmland around the world is becoming useless to cultivate any food & it also harmful for the farmers as well because they have no work in that period of time. And avoiding meat means ultimately we support the animal creature to live in this earth and keep our planet balanced. Cultivate additional land is another understandable way to supply food for an escalating population. For better fertilization and reduce soil erosion waterless lands with limited vegetatio n cover 40 percent of the earth’s land area which can help the soil. Saxena, 2011) Animals play a vital role in our wild environment but animal byproducts are creating very bad situation for the environment. According to Saxena, many harmful gases and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are formed when anaerobic bacteria decompose liquid manure held in the lagoons which are filled up by animal wastes. And, it becomes sources of harmful gases and many other hazardous particles mixed up with neighboring air when the lagoons are sprayed for decomposing on farmland. The far-away and neighborhood long-term effects of the emissions from this action include acid rain and global warming.For example, dissolved ammonia in the farmland filling of lagoons consisting of fertilizers and animal waste is serially broken down by microbes to form a variety of nitrogen gas, including nitrous oxide. This gas has harmful effects on the ozone layers of the atmosphere. Air also polluted by volatile o rganic compounds because these are gases that react with close air in the entire atmosphere. To support and increase living places for animal and for human as well many forests have been cut down, especially in tropical countries.Deforestation increase the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere and obviously carbon dioxide is the major gas which can directly involve for greenhouse effect. (Saxena, 2011) As part of their digestive process, many animals such as goats, cattle, sheep and camels emit methane and methane gas also plays a very important role for greenhouse effect. Biodiversity creates a set of connections that maintains oxygen in air, enriches soil, purifies water, protects against flood and regulates climate.Not amazingly, the biodiversity of our planet is declining at an disturbing rate due to human behavior because human are mostly dependent on farm animals for food and there is a significant reduction of vegetarian people, that supports other animals. The era of vegeta rianism can improve the environmental growth of this planet and its sub-components have reached their zenith for the developed world. By avoiding all animal products vegetarians could save the planet because a grazing-based production can limit soil erosion.However, some people argue that vegetarianism alone won’t save the planet and animals. Each correspondent from vegetarian urges us to slash our greenhouse gas emissions, but each has a different perspective on where the knife should fall. Opposition include that, vegetarian must bear the burden of climate change by scaling their lavish lifestyle. Continuous degradation of land to produce more fruits and vegetables in same regions may lead to desertification, a process that is introduced by soil erosion, loss of groundwater etc.Desertification converts productive arid lands to wastelands. Studies show that people who consume a lot of vegetables and fruit, obviously, in most of the cases, avoid rich food, smoking habit & dri nking as well. So, conclusion is that without any hesitation vegetarian people are quite healthy and save the planet by cleaning the environment. In this case, avoiding animal is not the only issue, there is other issue as well which is avoid farming animal because their waste products are too much harmful for country’s environment.When the land is compacted by the hooves of cattle, rainwater cannot easily reach into the soil. Ideally, it is wise to obtain vitamins from vegetables, not from any meat. Vegetable provides vitamins in the most biologically available form, in the right amounts & combined with other complementary nutrients. People from different religion also are very happy about the concept of vegetarianism because they believe that only vegetarian people support them about saving animals which are necessary to keep the planet in a balance condition.Most of the earth’s plant and animal life has evolved during the last few centuries in a delicate balance wit h the cyclic temperature variation in each region. Vegetarians also help the planet by saving huge amount of wildlife those are very important to make this world a perfect living place. References: Foer J. , 2009, ‘Eating animals’, Penguin Group, Great Britain, London, pp: 4-18. Krien A. , 2012, ‘Us and them on the importance of animals’, Morry Schwartz, Collingwood VIC, Australia, pp: 6-15. Melle, 2012, ‘Mad cow, E. coli & other health hazards associated with beef’.Viewed 24 May 2012, Omniv, ‘Why Vegetarianism is Wrong’, Viewed 18 May 2012, Saxena M. , 2011, ‘The Vegetarian Imperative’, The Johns Hopkins University Press, United States, pp: 31-64. Shahan Z, Vegetarianism and environment, April 2, 2010, Viewed 18 May 2012, Tudge C. , 2002, ‘Food for the future’, Dorling Kindersley limited, London, pp: 14-21.

Legalizing Marijuana in the United States

I. Introduction Marijuana has been one of the most researched drugs in the history of pharmacology, and there is still considerable disagreement about its short-term and long-term effects. It was made an illicit drug in the United States, and many states have established harsh penalties for those convicted of possession of even small amounts. In the recent years, there has been a move toward decriminalization of marijuana (Bock, 2000). Marijuana is the name given in the United States to the drug produced from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. The use of cannabis derivatives under such names as hashish, charas, bhang, and ganja is widespread throughout the world. The most active ingredient of the plant derivative is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The potency of this chemical is indicated by the fact that the average street sample of marijuana contains less than .5% THC (Weisheit, 1992). Some samples are considerably higher in THC content; thus, effects from the drug vary according to its quality, meaning its THC content.   The flowering parts of the plant contain the greatest amounts of THC (Goode, Pp. 567-575). These are usually dried and smoked, but they may be made into a drink somewhat like tea or blended into various cooking recipes. Somehow, marijuana has been used for some medications but it is not a valid ground to legalize it because it has negative effects to human bodies. Moreover, marijuana is still illegal in most places. Under federal law a person can be sentenced to up to one year in jail or a $5000 fine, or both, for simple possession of marijuana. Every year about 400,000 people are arrested for possession; about 80 percent are under age 26. II. Background A. Why should it be legalized? I personally agree that marijuana should be legalized because it is being used as legal medical therapy for several conditions. Careful studies have shown that it is effective in treating severe nausea in cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Older patients seem to respond less well than younger patients and complain more about side-effects, including feeling â€Å"stoned.† Researchers are continuing studies of marijuana’s possible usefulness in reducing pressure within the eye in glaucoma and in treating muscle spasticity (Earleywine, 2002). Most people use marijuana for the altered states it produces. These states are a little easier to control than those produced by other hallucinogenic drugs, unless the dosage is very high. At low to moderate dosages, hallucinations are not present. Instead, the person typically reports of calmness, increased sensory awareness, changes in space and time, and increased appetite, often with a craving for sweets. In addition, marijuana has been used for thousands of years, both as a medicine and for its intoxicating effects. In the form of tablets, marijuana is frequently prescribed to relieve the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy. Moreover, most people use marijuana for the altered states it produces (Kreit, 2003).   These states are a little easier to control than those produced by other hallucinogenic drugs, unless the dosage is very high. At low to moderate dosages, hallucinations are not present. Instead, the person typically reports of calmness, increased sensory awareness, changes in space and time, and increased appetite, often with a craving for sweets. Many researchers too have concluded that smoking marijuana is no more dangerous, and perhaps even less so, than smoking cigarettes or using alcohol (Nadelmann, 2004). B. Pros and Cons Many perceptual and emotional effects follow marijuana smoking. Sensory experience may become more intense; smells are richer, textures feel more sensuous, objects are seen as more beautiful, sounds are more brilliant, and ideas flow more freely, although they may be disjointed. The person may experience an emotional high in which he or she feels joyful, tranquil, and happy. The effects of marijuana, however, are like those of other drugs; they very much depend on the person and the setting. Taken in a pleasant, relaxed social situation, marijuana can be quite unpleasant (Earleywine, pp. 123-156). Also, people who are naturally paranoid, suspicious, or aggressive may become more so under the influence of marijuana; the calm, better-adjusted users are more apt to experience a euphoric high. Its non-medical use, however, is illegal in the United States and most other countries. The penalties for possessing or using marijuana are, in many states, as severe as those imposed for the possession or use of much more potent drugs (Goode, 2000). Many argue that marijuana is no more harmful than cigarettes and liquor and should be legalized. The growing consensus of research on marijuana would suggest that it is not a safe drug. Indeed, it is doubtful whether any drug taken frequently by choice is advisable. The issue, though, is frequency of use. The literature on chronic users of marijuana—that is, people who use it a lot and over a long period of time—suggests rather strongly that there are serious deficits in some cognitive abilities such as memory. In addition, heavier users experience some undesirable personality changes, problems with sleep, deficits in psychomotor abilities such as driving, and changes in motivational levels that produce apathy and a lack of striving for achievement (Schlosser, 1994). Finally, there are a number of factors that influence the effect of a particular drug. There are factors associated with the drug, including its purity and the method of its purity and the method of its administration. Subject variables that are important include body weight, metabolic rate, whether or not the person has eaten, general state of health, and previous experience with the drug. In trying to predict how any one person will react to a drug, these factors, and many others, must be taken into account. But there is another important variable that plays a major role in drug reactions, and too often its effects are overlooked (Souder, 1998). That variable is the user’s expectation of the drug’s effect. Research has shown that the experience many drug users will have is not just a result of the physiological and biochemical changes produced by the drug, but also depends on how they think they are supposed to respond, or how they see others around them responding. These factors must also be considered when evaluating the reasons for altered states of consciousness through drug use. a.) Respiratory effects: Because marijuana smoke is deeply inhaled, retained in the lungs, and contains many of the same harmful ingredients as tobacco smoke, users show signs of impaired lung functioning when compared to nonusers. Like tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke contains carcinogenic agents, but since many pot smokers also tobacco, it has been hard to isolate marijuana’s impact on lung cancer. At this point, the evidence is merely suggestive (Earleywine, 2002). b.) Immune system:   Animal studies have suggested that marijuana can dampen the body’s resistance to disease, but no studies have been done to confirm or refute this danger in human beings (Earleywine, 2002). c.) Mental effects: While there is no evidence that marijuana causes the brain to shrink, it can lead to amotivational syndrome, which researchers define as a mental dulling, emotional blunting, and loss of drive and goal-directedness (Earleywine, 2002). III. Conclusion In conclusion, in the last decade marijuana dealing has become a multibillion-dollar business, ranking right behind General Motors and Exxon. Throughout the world, marijuana seems to be the fourth most popular mind-altering drug, following caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. However, marijuana use seems to be on the decline nationally, especially among young people in high school and college. At low moderate doses, marijuana acts somewhat like alcohol and some tranquilizers, and like alcohol, the drug takes effects within minutes. Unlike alcohol, marijuana at low doses does not dull sensation but may cause slight alterations in perception, so that it is unsafe to drive a car for as long as 4 to 6 hours after a single joint. After the thorough studies, I therefore conclude that marijuana should be legalized because it has positive effects if properly used. On the other hand, the use of marijuana should be case to case basis and should only be used for medications. Reference: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Belenko, S. R. (2001). Drugs and Drug Policy in America: A Documentary History. Greenwood Press. Westport, CT. Pp. 34-67. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bock, Alan W. (2000). Waiting to Inhale: The Politics of Medical Marijuana. Seven Locks. Santa Ana, CA. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Earleywine, M. (2002). Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence. Oxford University Press. New York. Pp. 123-156. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goode, E. (2000). Marijuana. Atherton. Chicago. Pp. 567-575. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kreit, Alex (2003). The Future of Medical Marijuana: Should the States Grow Their Own? University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 151 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nadelmann, Ethan A. (2004). An End to Marijuana Prohibition: The Drive to Legalize Picks Up. National Review, Vol. 56 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weisheit, Ralph A. (1992). Domestic Marijuana: A Neglected Industry. Greenwood Press. New York. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schlosser, Eric (1994). Marijuana and the Law. The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 274 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Souder, Mark (1998). Q: Is the Government's War against Marijuana Justified as Public Policy? Insight on the News, Vol. 13.   

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Financial Research - Essay Example Charitable fundraising is becoming more difficult and competitive. At the same time, society's need for charitable services is growing. In such a challenging environment, how can charities keep up with ever-changing legal requirements -- and still have time to raise money and carry out their charitable missions A new series of Law and Tax Guides for Charities helps show the way. The first title in the series, The Charity's Guide to Charitable Contributions, is a practical, plain-English guide to what charities need to know about the federal income tax deduction for charitable contributions. It's an essential tool for every charity. Veteran tax lawyer Pamela McAllister guides readers through the maze of federal tax laws with topics ranging from membership premiums to special event, auctions to thrift shops. Readers discover clear, step-by-step instructions for determining how much of a contribution is deductible and what to tell their donors in a wide range of everyday situations, plus valuable practical advice on maintaining positive donor relations." This article by Pamela McAllister shows the charitable ... amela McAllister shows the charitable organizations like Q note how to follow the technical requirements of the donation law by giving them important checklists, guidelines, and sample forms that surely will help charities be professional and knowledgeable, assist their donors, and avoid tax penalties it also has countless real-word examples. So this financial research on charities is shows us that our Q note school will thrive because the United Kingdom government encourages companies to give to charitable institutions like Q note. In return the donating companies will report the donations as deductions from the total gross income. This donation will then lower the total amount of business income that the company will use as basis for computing the amount of taxes the company will pay the United Kingdom government. If the donations are bigger, then the gross income deduction will also be bigger. But the United Kingdom tax law also states that there is a limit to the amount of donations that a company will give to charitable institutions like Q note. Although, this will lessen the charitable contribution amount that each charitable organization will receive from one company, the charitable organizations can spend more time looking for other companies that will be philanthropic enough to give excess funds to the Q note Sch ool. Therefore the charitable organizations and also the donor company or companies.benefits from this taxation law pertaining to charitable contributions. SOUND ENGINEERING. Since there is a big market for songs and recordings of meetings, conferences and the like, the student graduates will have a bright future in the chosen field of work as compared to the alternative of joining the inner city street gangs and live a dangerous life of

Home School vs. Public School Essay Example for Free

Home School vs. Public School Essay I prefer home schooling over public schooling; which one do you prefer? There are both pros and cons for both Home Schooling and Public Schooling. I am going to explain this all to you in my essay. I personally was home schooled for a few years during middle and high school. All of elementary school and part of middle school I went to a regular school. My reasoning for choosing to be home schooled is I have Agoraphobia which is an anxiety disorder caused by situations where people perceive the environment as being difficult to escape or get help. As soon as I would walk into a class room I would have a panic attack. One thing I liked about public school was being able to play volleyball. I loved playing it for the little bit of time that I was in middle school. Even though I wasn’t really all that great, So I didn’t play very much. That is one con of being home schooled. You cannot play sports affiliated with any school. A pro for public schooling is you have a group environment to learn in with others to help you. On the other hand with home schooling you are on your own. In home schooling you have less choices of curriculum as you would if you were going to public school. You also have more diversity in public school. When going to public school you have a higher student to teacher ratio, now with home schooling there is a small teacher to student ratio. In home schooling you are free to choose your schedule, as in public school your schedule is strict and chosen for you. Public school chooses the curriculum for you. Unlike in home schooling you can choose your own. There are now roughly millions of children being home schooled. Being home schooled teaches students to be independent in their learning choices. Sometimes home schooling can be more expensive than going to public school. Teachers are not always qualified to teach all subjects, and colleges sometimes have stricter admission policies concerning home schooled students. It is also harder to provide social interaction when being home schooled. Like I had stated before I prefer home schooling but everyone has their own opinions. This is the reason why I have enrolled myself into the University of Phoenix online. So that I can have the flexibility of my classes, this way I can work around my everyday life and not miss out when it comes to spending time with my boys. I hope that the information in my essay was helpful to you.

Collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy Essay Example for Free

Collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy Essay Disney is a famous international company around the world. Not only for the production of cartoon and Disneyland, but also the effort that it have made in sustainable development. Disney has made high efficiency collaboration with Nature Conservancy-a famous environmental protection organization. They have worked closely with each other for decades to create the Disney Wilderness Preserve (DWP) in central Florida (â€Å"Working with Companies†, n.d.). Their collaboration was a success (â€Å"Florida, the Disney Wilderness Preserve†, n.d.), bringing positive outcomes for both business corporation and environmental protection. The research question of our group is: How Disney achieve a highly efficient collaboration with the Nature Conservancy? Disney is willing to devote a large number of money to the protection of environment with other organization, but it is a challenge for both Disney and other organization to achieve their target and high efficiency collaboration. As pointed out by Getha-Taylor (2012), â€Å"Trust is a foundational element for effective collaboration.† Without trust, Disney would not choose to partner with the Nature Conservancy. They need to make a same goal in collaboration. Besides, equal power is an important consideration for Disney and Nature Conservancy to start their programs. The high quality of value co-creation is based on the high integration and organization of resources as well as active mobilization and passion of partners. In this report, literature review and conceptual Framework will be the first part. This part is designed to review the literature that related to the research question and topic. Besides, it will outline some key ideas and theories for the collaboration between Disney and other organizations. Each literature review of team members will be selected to make an integrated which are related to the research question and topic. Then the team will draw a connection between the literature review and data coding results, to develop a preliminary conceptual framework.   Secondly, the team will make enough description for the case on Disney. In this part, the partners and partnerships for Disney will be included.   Thirdly, the methodology that used in the research will be explained. The  team will provide primary data and secondary data for readers. Also, the team will analysis the data to make it clear for readers to understand the importance of those data. Then, the team will have preliminary results for the research question. Some figures or tables will be used to describe the preliminary results.  Finally, the team will make conclusions to summarize the collaboration between Disney and other organizations. Besides, the team will answer the question: How Disney achieve a highly efficient collaboration with the Nature Conservancy? The significance and implications of high efficiency collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy. The team will make acknowledgement on the limitation of the study-All achievements and actions of Disney are not very up-to-date, the newest resource comes from Disney’s performance summary report in 2013. The knowledge gap of this report are scientific system to cooperate efficiently between business and NGOs, global strategies in terms of cross-sector cooperation and multi-regional and global alliance. Conclusions The collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy is a model for other companies to improve the efficiency in collaboration with organizations and NGOs. They have same goals and trust each other. Besides, their power are equally and Disney provides enough financial support for Nature Conservancy to build and maintain the Disney Wilderness Preserve in Florida. Those factors make the collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy become a high-efficiency collaboration. Disney performed efficiently in collaboration with different organizations for its strong executive force and huge spending. However, Disney has challenge in cross-cultural collaboration with other organizations. It required creativeness and multicultural background to deal with. During our research, we found a limitation. All achievements and actions of Disney are not very up-to-date; the newest resource comes from Disney’s performance summary report in 2013. The limitation may affect the accuracy and objectivity of our result to some extent. When researching on these subthemes, one of our research gaps is multi-regional and global alliance. The wetland mitigation program in  central Florida is regional, but Disney is able to do more in terms of multi-regional collaboration since there are so many things else they can do. We didn’t find so many things when it comes to how business increase efficiency when partnering with an organization that shares a different culture background The use of quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis are quite helpful for us to find the gap and limitations of the topic, they are efficient methods for us to analyzing the data. Disney makes more collaboration with other organizations to improve to sustainable development of itself, such as the collaboration with National 4-H Council. They make a program called Exploring Your Environment program. It provides fun, interesting and hands-on experiences to help young people learn more about the environment around them. Through Disneys support, â€Å"they were able to create the Connecting Urban Youth to the environment program using Exploring Your Environment, and Disney is now able to reach youth in six urban areas across the U.S. Besides, Disney have supported conservation projects for almost 20 years, invested in conservation programs in 114 countries† (Momdjian, 2014) and worked with forest communities to protect wildlife and critical forest habitats. In the future, Disney needs to improve the capacity in communication. Communication is the basis of Disney’s alliance learning and capacity building if they want to corporate efficiently. Alliance enables cross-section corporations to increase working efficiency. Internal development of such expertise may be too costly, inefficient, and time-consuming for most companies. As a result, ally with a partner can let Disney share information or receive feedback from their partners. Reference â€Å"Florida, the Disney Wilderness Preserve†, (n.d.), Retrieved from http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/florida/placesweprotect/the-disney-wilderness-preserve.xml Getha-Taylor, H. (2012). Cross-sector understanding and trust, Public Performance Management Review, 36(2), pp.216-229 Momdjian, C. (2014). Disney and National 4-H Council Join Together to Connect Youth to the Environment. Retrieved from: https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/disney-and-national-4-h-council-join-to

Active Vs Physiological Management of Third Stage of Labour

Active Vs Physiological Management of Third Stage of Labour Active versus physiological management of the third stage of labour. Introduction This essay is primarily concerned with the arguments that are currently active in relation to the benefits and disadvantages of having either an active or passive third stage of labour. We shall examine this issue from several angles including the currently accepted medical opinions as expressed in the peer reviewed press, the perspective of various opinions expressed by women in labour and the evidence base to support these opinions. It is a generally accepted truism that if there is controversy surrounding a subject, then this implies that there is not a sufficiently strong evidence base to settle the argument one way or the other. (De Martino B et al. 2006). In the case of this particular subject, this is possibly not true, as the evidence base is quite robust (and we shall examine this in due course). Midwifery deals with situations that are steeped in layers of strongly felt emotion, and this has a great tendency to colour rational argument. Blind belief in one area often appears to stem from total disbelief in another (Baines D. 2001) and in consideration of some of the literature in this area this would certainly appear to be true. Let us try to examine the basic facts of the arguments together with the evidence base that supports them. In the civilised world it is estimated that approximately 515,000 currently die annually from problems directly related to pregnancy. (extrapolated from Hill K et al. 2001). The largest single category of such deaths occur within 4 hrs. of delivery, most commonly from post partum haemorrhage and its complications (AbouZahr C 1998), the most common factor in such cases being uterine atony. (Ripley D L 1999). Depending on the area of the world (as this tends to determine the standard of care and resources available), post partum haemorrhage deaths constitutes between 10-60% of all maternal deaths (AbouZahr C 1998). Statistically, the majority of such maternal deaths occur in the developing countries where women may receive inappropriate, unskilled or inadequate care during labour or the post partum period. (PATH 2001). In developed countries the vast majority of these deaths could be (and largely are) avoided with effective obstetric intervention. (WHO 1994). One of the central argumen ts that we shall deploy in favour of the active management of the third stage of labour is the fact that relying on the identification of risk factors for women at risk of haemorrhage does not appear to decrease the overall figures for post partum haemorrhage morbidity or mortality as more than 70% of such cases of post partum haemorrhage occur in women with no identifiable risk factors. (Atkins S 1994). Prendiville, in his recently published Cochrane review (Prendiville W J et al. 2000) states that: where maternal mortality from haemorrhage is high, evidence-based practices that reduce haemorrhage incidence, such as active management of the third stage of labour, should always be followed It is hard to rationally counter such an argument, particularly in view of the strength of the evidence base presented in the review, although we shall finish this essay with a discussion of a paper by Stevenson which attempts to provide a rational counter argument in this area. It could be argued that the management of the third stage of labour, as far as formal teaching and published literature is concerned, is eclipsed by the other two stages (Baskett T F 1999). Cunningham agrees with this viewpoint with the observation that a current standard textbook of obstetrics (unnamed) devotes only 4 of its 1,500 pages to the third stage of labour but a huge amount more to the complications that can arise directly after the delivery of the baby (Cunningham, 2001). Donald makes the comment This indeed is the unforgiving stage of labour, and in it there lurks more unheralded treachery than in both the other stages combined. The normal case can, within a minute, become abnormal and successful delivery can turn swiftly to disaster. (Donald, 1979). chapter 1:define third stage of labour, The definition of the third stage of labour varies between authorities in terms of wording, but in functional terms there is general agreement that it is the part of labour that starts directly after the birth of the baby and concludes with the successful delivery of the placenta and the foetal membranes. Functionally, it is during the third stage of labour that the myometrium contracts dramatically and causes the placenta to separate from the uterine wall and then subsequently expelled from the uterine cavity. This stage can be managed actively or observed passively. Practically, it is the speed with which this stage is accomplished which effectively dictates the volume of blood that is eventually lost. It follows that if anything interferes with this process then the risk of increased blood loss gets greater. If the uterus becomes atonic, the placenta does not separate efficiently and the blood vessels that had formally supplied it are not actively constricted. (Chamberlain G et al. 1999). We shall discuss this process in greater detail shortly. Proponents of passive management of the third stage of labour rely on the normal physiological processes to shut down the bleeding from the placental site and to expel the placenta. Those who favour active management use three elements of management. One is the use of an ecbolic drug given in the minute after delivery of the baby and before the placenta is delivered. The second element is early clamping and cutting of the cord and the third is the use of controlled cord traction to facilitate the delivery of the placenta. We shall discuss each of these elements in greater detail in due course. The rationale behind active management of the third stage of labour is basically that by speeding up the natural delivery of the placenta, one can allow the uterus to contract more efficiently thereby reducing the total blood loss and minimising the risk of post partum haemorrhage. (ODriscoll K 1994) discuss optimal practice, Let us start our consideration of optimal practice with a critical analysis of the paper by Cherine (Cherine M et al. 2004) which takes a collective overview of the literature on the subject. The authors point to the fact that there have been a number of large scale randomised controlled studies which have compared the outcomes of labours which have been either actively or passively managed. One of the biggest difficulties that they experienced was the inconsistency of terminology on the subject, as a number of healthcare professionals had reported management as passive when there had been elements of active management such as controlled cord traction and early cord clamping. As an overview, they were able to conclude that actively managed women had a lower prevalence of â€Å"post partum haemorrhage, a shorter third stage of labour, reduced post partum anaemia, less need for blood transfusion or therapeutic oxytocics† (Prendiville W J et al. 2001). Other factors derived from the paper include the observation that the administration of oxytocin before delivery of the placenta (rather than afterwards), was shown to decrease the overall incidence of post partum haemorrhage, the overall amount of blood loss, the need for additional uterotonic drugs, the need for blood transfusions when compared to deliveries with similar duration of the third stage of labour as a control. In addition to all of this they noted that there was no increased incidence of the condition of retained placenta. (Elbourne D R et al. 2001). The evidence base for these comments is both robust and strong. On the face of it, there seems therefore little to recommend the adoption of passive management of the third stage of labour. Earlier we noted the difficulties in definition of active management of the third stage of labour. In consideration of any individual paper where interpretation of the figures are required, great care must therefore be taken in assessing exactly what is being measured and compared. Cherine points to the fact that some respondents categorised their management as â€Å"passive management of the third stage of labour† when, in reality they had used some aspect of active management. They may not have used ecbolic drugs (this was found to be the case in 19% of the deliveries considered). This point is worth considering further as oxytocin was given to 98% of the 148 women in the trial who received ecbolic. In terms of optimum management 34% received the ecbolic at the appropriate time (as specified in the management protocols as being before the delivery of the placenta and within one minute of the delivery of the baby). For the remaining 66%, it was given incorrectly, either after the delivery of the placenta or, in one case, later than one minute after the delivery of the baby. Further analysis of the practices reported that where uterotonic drugs were given, cord traction was not done in 49%, and early cord clamping not done in 7% of the deliveries observed where the optimum active management of the third stage of labour protocols were not followed. >From an analytical point of view, we should cite the evidence base to suggest the degree to which these two practices are associated with morbidity. Walter P et al. 1999 state that their analysis of their data shows that early cord clamping and controlled cord traction are shown to be associated with a shorter third stage and lower mean blood loss, whereas Mitchelle (G G et al. 2005) found them to be associated with a lower incidence of retained placenta. Other considerations relating to the practice of early cord clamping are that it reduces the degree of mother to baby blood transfusion. It is clear that giving uterotonic drugs without early clamping will cause the myometrium to contract and physically squeeze the placenta, thereby accelerating the both the speed and the total quantity of the transfusion. This has the effect of upsetting the physiological balance of the blood volume between baby and placenta, and can cause a number of undesirable effects in the baby including an increased tendency to jaundice. (Rogers J et al. 1998) The major features that are commonly accepted as being characteristic of active management and passive management of the third stage of labour are set out below. Physiological Versus Active Management (After Smith J R et al. 1999) physiology of third stage The physiology of the third stage can only be realistically considered in relation to some of the elements which occur in the preceding months of pregnancy. The first significant consideration are the changes in haemodynamics as the pregnancy progresses. The maternal blood volume increases by a factor of about 50% (from about 4 litres to about 6litres). (Abouzahr C 1998) This is due to a disproportionate increase in the plasma volume over the RBC volume which is seen clinically with a physiological fall in both Hb and Heamatocrit values. Supplemental iron can reduce this fall particularly if the woman concerned has poor iron reserves or was anaemic before the pregnancy began. The evolutionary physiology behind this change revolves around the fact that the placenta (or more accurately the utero-placental unit) has low resistance perfusion demands which are better served by a high circulating blood volume and it also provides a buffer for the inevitable blood loss that occurs at the time of delivery. (Dansereau J et al. 1999). The high progesterone levels encountered in pregnancy are also relevant insofar as they tend to reduce the general vascular tone thereby increase venous pooling. This, in turn, reduces the venous return to the heart and this would (if not compensated for by the increased blood volume) lead to hypotension which would contribute to reductions in levels of foetal oxygenation. (Baskett T F 1999). Coincident and concurrent with these heamodynamic changes are a number of physiological changes in the coagulation system. There is seen to be a sharp increase in the quantity of most of the clotting factors in the blood and a functional decrease in the fibrinolytic activity. (Carroli G et al. 2002). Platelet levels are observed to fall. This is thought to be due to a combination of factors. Haemodilution is one and a low level increase in platelet utilisation is also thought to be relevant. The overall functioning of the platelet system is rarely affected. All of these changes are mediated by the dramatic increase in the levels of circulating oestrogen. The relevance of these considerations is clear when we consider that one of the main hazards facing the mother during the third stage of labour is that of haemorrhage. (Soltani H et al. 2005) and the changes in the haemodynamics are largely germinal to this fact. The other major factor in our considerations is the efficiency of the haemostasis produced by the uterine contraction in the third stage of labour. The prime agent in the immediate control of blood loss after separation of the placenta, is uterine contraction which can exert a physical pressure on the arterioles to reduce immediate blood loss. Clot formation and the resultant fibrin deposition, although they occur rapidly, only become functional after the coagulation cascade has triggered off and progressed. Once operative however, this secondary mechanism becomes dominant in securing haemostasis in the days following delivery. (Sleep, 1993). The uterus both grows and enlarges as pregnancy progresses under the primary influence of oestrogen. The organ itself changes from a non-gravid weight of about 70g and cavity volume of about 10 ml. to a fully gravid weight of about 1.1 kg. and a cavity capacity of about 5 litres. This growth, together with the subsequent growth of the feto-placental unit is fed by the increased blood volume and blood flow through the uterus which, at term, is estimated to be about 5-800 ml/min or approximately 10-15% of the total cardiac output (Thilaganathan B et al. 1993). It can therefore be appreciated why haemorrhage is a significant potential danger in the third stage of labour with potentially 15% of the cardiac output being directed towards a raw placental bed. The physiology of the third stage of labour also involves the mechanism of placental expulsion. After the baby has been delivered, the uterus continues to contract rhythmically and this reduction in size causes a shear line to form at the utero-placental junction. This is thought to be mainly a physical phenomenon as the uterus is capable of contraction, whereas the placenta (being devoid of muscular tissue) is not. We should note the characteristic of the myometrium which is unique in the animal kingdom, and this is the ability of the myometrial fibres to maintain its shortened length after each contraction and then to be able to contract further with subsequent contractions. This characteristic results in a progressive and (normally) fairy rapid reduction in the overall surface area of the placental site. (Sanborn B M et al. 1998) In the words of Rogers (J et al. 1998), by this mechanism â€Å"the placenta is undermined, detached, and propelled into the lower uterine segment.† Other physiological mechanisms also come into play in this stage of labour. Placental separation also occurs by virtue of the physical separation engendered by the formation of a sub-placental haematoma. This is brought about by the dual mechanisms of venous occlusion and vascular rupture of the arterioles and capillaries in the placental bed and is secondary to the uterine contractions (Sharma J B et al. 2005). The physiology of the normal control of this phenomenon is both unique and complex. The structure of the uterine side of the placental bed is a latticework of arterioles that spiral around and inbetween the meshwork of interlacing and interlocking myometrial fibrils. As the myometrial fibres progressively shorten, they effectively actively constrict the arterioles by kinking them . Baskett (T F 1999) refers to this action and structure as the â€Å"living ligatures† and â€Å"physiologic sutures† of the uterus. These dramatic effects are triggered and mediated by a number of mechanisms. The actual definitive trigger for labour is still a matter of active debate, but we can observe that the myometrium becomes significantly more sensitive to oxytocin towards the end of the pregnancy and the amounts of oxytocin produced by the posterior pituitary glad increase dramatically just before the onset of labour. (Gà ¼lmezoglu A M et al. 2001) It is known that the F-series, and some other) prostaglandins are equally active and may have a role to play in the genesis of labour. (Gulmezoglu A M et al. 2004) >From an interventional point of view, we note that a number of synthetic ergot alkaloids are also capable of causing sustained uterine contractions. (Elbourne D R et al. 2002) chapter 2 discuss active management, criteria, implications for mother and fetus. This essay is asking us to consider the essential differences between active management and passive management of the third stage of labour. In this segment we shall discuss the principles of active management and contrast them with the principles of passive management. Those clinicians who practice the passive management of the third stage of labour put forward arguments that mothers have been giving birth without the assistance of the trained healthcare professionals for millennia and, to a degree, the human body is the product of evolutionary forces which have focussed upon the perpetuation of the species as their prime driving force. Whilst accepting that both of these concepts are manifestly true, such arguments do not take account of the â€Å"natural wastage† that drives such evolutionary adaptations. In human terms such â€Å"natural wastage† is simply not ethically or morally acceptable in modern society. (Sugarman J et al. 2001) There may be some validity in the arguments that natural processes will achieve normal separation and delivery of the placenta and may lead to fewer complications and if the patient should suffer from post partum haemorrhage then there are techniques, medications and equipment that can be utilised to contain and control the clinical situation. Additional arguments are invoked that controlled cord traction can increase the risk of uterine inversion and ecbolic drugs can increase the risks of other complications such as retained placenta and difficulties in delivering an undiagnosed twin. (El-Refaey H et al. 2003) The proponents of active management counter these arguments by suggesting that the use of ecbolic agents reduces the risks of post partum haemorrhage, faster separation of the placenta, reduction of maternal blood loss. Inversion of the uterus can be avoided by using only gentle controlled cord traction when the uterus is well contracted together with the controlling of the uterus by the Brandt-Andrews manoeuvre. The arguments relating to the undiagnosed second twin are loosing ground as this eventuality is becoming progressively more rare. The advent of ultrasound together with the advent of protocols which call for the mandatory examination of the uterus after the birth and before the administration of the ecbolic agent effectively minimise this possibility. (Prendiville, 2002). If we consider the works of Prendiville (referred to above) we note the meta-analyses done of the various trials on the comparison of active management against the passive management of the third stage of labour and find that active management consistently leads to several benefits when compared to passive management. The most significant of which are set out below. Benefits of Active Management Versus Physiological Management *95% confidence interval † Number needed to treat (After Prendiville, 2002). The statistics obtained make interesting consideration. In these figures we can deduce that for every 12 patients receiving active management (rather than passive management) one post partum haemorrhage is avoided and further extrapolation suggests that for every 67 patients managed actively one blood transfusion is avoided. With regard to the assertions relating to problems with a retained placenta, there was no evidence to support it, indeed the figures showed that there was no increase in the incidence of retained placenta. Equally it was noted that the third stage of labour was significantly shorter in the actively managed group. In terms of significance for the mother there were negative findings in relation to active management and these included a higher incidence of raised blood pressure post delivery (the criteria used being > 100 mm Hg). Higher incidences of reported nausea and vomiting were also found although these were apparently related to the use of ergot ecbolic and not with oxytocin. This is possibly a reflection of the fact that ergot acts on all smooth muscle (including the gut) whereas the oxytocin derivatives act only on uterine muscle. (Dansereau, 1999). None of the trials included in the meta-analysis reported and incidence of either uterine inversions or undiagnosed second twins. Critical analysis of these findings would have to consider that one would have to envisage truly enormous study cohorts in order to obtain statistical significance with these very rare events. (Concato, J et al. 2000) With specific regard to the mother and baby we note some authors recommend the use of early suckling as nipple stimulation is thought to increase uterine contractions and thereby reduce the likelihood of post partum haemorrhage. Studies have shown that this does not appear to be the case (Bullough, 1989), although the authors suggest that it should still be recommended as it promotes both bonding and breastfeeding. The most important element of active management of the third stage of labour is the administration of an ecbolic agent directly after the delivery of the anterior shoulder or within a minute of the complete delivery of the baby. The significance of the anterior shoulder delivery is that if the ecbolic is given prior to delivery of the anterior shoulder then there is a significantly increased risk of shoulder dystocia which, with a strongly contracting uterus, can be technically very difficult to reduce and will have significant detrimental effects on the baby by reducing its oxygen supply from the placenta still further. The fundal height should be assessed immediately after delivery to exclude the possibility of an undiagnosed second twin. (Sandler L C et al. 2000) There are a number of different (but widely accepted) protocols for ecbolic administration. Commonly, 10 IU of oxytocin is given intramuscularly or occasionally a 5 IU IV bolus. Ergot compounds should be avoided in patients who have raised blood pressure, migraine and Raynaud’s phenomenon. (Pierre, 1992). The issue of early clamping of the cord is complex and, of the three components of the active management of the third stage of labour this, arguably, gives rise to the least demonstrable benefits in terms of the evidence base in the literature. We have already discussed the increased incidence of postnatal jaundice in the newborn infant if cord clamping is delayed but this has to be offset against both the occasional need for the invoking of prompt resuscitation measures (i.e. cord around the neck) or the reduction in the incidence of childhood anaemia and higher iron stores (Gupta, 2002). In a very recent paper, Mercer also points to the lower rates of neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage although it has to be said that the evidence base is less secure in this area. (Mercer J S et al. 2006) Other foetal issues are seldom encountered in this regard except for the comparatively rare occurrence when some form of dystocia occurs and the infant had to be manipulated and represented (viz. the Zavanelli procedure). If the cord has already been divided then this effectively deprives the infant of any possibility of placental support while the manoeuvre is being carried out with consequences that clearly could be fatal. (Thornton J G et al. 1999) In the recent past, the emergence of the practice of harvesting foetal stem cells from the cord blood may also have an influence on the timing of the clamping but this should not interfere with issues relating to the clinical management of the third stage. (Lavender T et al. 2006) There are some references in the literature to the practice of allowing the placenta to exsanguinate after clamping of the distal portion as some authorities suggest that this may aid in both separation (Soltani H et al. 2005) and delivery (Sharma J P et al. 2005). of the placenta. It has to be noted that such references are limited in their value to the evidence base and perhaps it would be wiser to consider this point unproven. We have searched the literature for trials that consider the effect of controlled cord traction without the administration of embolic drugs. The only published trial on the issue suggested that controlled cord traction, when used alone to deliver the placenta, had no positive effect on the incidence of post partum haemorrhage (Jackson, 2001). The same author also considered the results of the administration of ecbolic agents directly after placental delivery and found that the results (in terms of post partum haemorrhage at least), were similar to those obtained with ecbolics given with the anterior shoulder delivery, although an earlier trial (Zamora, 1999) showed that active management (as above) did result in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of post partum haemorrhage when compared to controlled cord traction and ecbolics at the time of placental delivery. In this segment we should also consider the situation where the atonic uterus (in passive management of the third stage of labour) can result in the placenta becoming detached but remaining at the level of the internal os. This can be clinically manifest by a lengthening of the cord but no subsequent delivery of the placenta. In these circumstances the placental site can continue to bleed and the uterus can fill with blood, which distends the uterus and thereby increases the tendency for the placental site to bleed further. This clearly has very significant implications for the mother. (Neilson J et al. 2003) There are other issues which impact on the foetal and maternal wellbeing in this stage of the delivery but these are generally not a feature issues relating to the active or passive management of the third stage of labour and therefore will not be considered further. There are a number of other factors which can influence the progress of the third stage of labour and these can be iatrogenic. Concurrent administration of some drugs can affect the physiology of the body in such a way as to change the way it responds to normal physiological processes. On a first principles basis, one could suggest that, from what we have already discussed, any agent that causes relaxation of the myometrium or a reduction in uterine tone could potentially interfere with the efficient contraction of the uterine musculature in the third stage and thereby potentially increase the incidence of post partum haemorrhage. Beta-agonists (the sympathomimetic group) work by relaxing smooth muscle via the beta-2 pathway. The commonest of these is salbutamol. When given in its usual form of an inhaler for asthma, the blood levels are very small indeed and therefore scarcely clinically significant but higher doses may well exert a negative effect in this respect. (Steer P et al. 1999) The NSAIA group have two potential modes of action that can interfere with the third stage. Firstly they have an action on the platelet function and can impair the clotting process which potentially could interfere with the body’s ability to achieve haemostasis after placental delivery. (Li D-K et al. 2003) Secondly their main mode of therapeutic action is via the prostaglandin pathway (inhibitory action) and, as such they are often used for the treatment of both uterine cramping, dysmenorrhoea and post delivery afterpains. (Nielsen G L et al. 2001) They achieve their effect by reducing the ability of the myometrium to contract and, as such, clearly are contraindicated when strong uterine contractions are required, both in the immediate post partum period and if any degree of post partum haemorrhage has occurred. Other commonly used medications can also interfere with the ability of the myometrium to contract. The calcium antagonist group (e.g. nifedipine) are able to do this (Pittrof R et al. 1996) and therefore are changed for an alternative medication if their cardiovascular effects need to be maintained. (Khan R K et al. 1998) We should also note that some anaesthetic agents can inhibit myometrium contractility. Although they are usually of rapid onset of action, and therefore rapid elimination from the body, they may still be clinically significant if given at the time of childbirth for some form of operative vaginal delivery. (Gà ¼lmezoglu A et al. 2003) relevant legal and ethical issues related to topic and midwife, Many of the legal and ethical issues in this area revolve around issues of consent, which we shall discuss in detail shortly, and competence. Professional competence is an area which is difficult to define and is evolving as the status of the midwife, together with the technical expectations expected of her, increase with the advance of technology.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Identity of Characters

Identity of Characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Where Shakespeare's tragedies will tell the story, chiefly, of a single principal character, this is rarely the case with his comedies. The comedies are more social and deal with groups of characters. In the case of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the principal groups are, at first, introduced severally. Though, one group may interact with another (as when Puck anoints Lysander's eyes, or Titania is in love with Bottom) they retain separate identities. While each of the groups is separate, there are symmetries which appear among them: Theseus and Oberon (and, in a way, Bottom) are rulers and figures of authority in their proper spheres. Hippolyta and Titania are consorts who defy their lords, but ultimately submit to their lordship. Often one pair is to be contrasted with another: the well-matched lovers Lysander and Hermia contrast with the ill-matched Demetrius and Helena (they resemble Pyramus and Thisbe). Even Puck has his human counterpart in Philostrate. The serious strife of the young nobles contrasts with the good fellowship of the mechanicals while it resembles the contention of the fairy rulers. Complete depiction of a complex character (as in Hamlet) is not attempted here, and would be wholly out of place. This is not a fault but reflects the different concern here of the playwright. But we do find very economical portrayal of strong and vivid characters, in Puck, Bottom, Oberon, Titania, Theseus, Helena and Hermia. Of t hese, the first two stand out as among the greatest of Shakespeare's creations. Puck first appears at the start of Act 2, and is rarely off the stage from this point. He is essential to the narrative: he carries out his master's orders obe... ...ically as anything in the tragedies, his anti-greeting ("Ill met by moonlight...") almost a snarl. But his concern for the lovers, and his pity for the ridiculous dotage of Titania show how he is capable of gentler feeling. Theseus' obvious sympathy for Hermia in 1.1, has a parallel in his concern not to belittle the efforts of the mechanicals to celebrate his wedding: "The best in this kind are but shadows, and the worst are no worse, if imagination amend them". His prose speaking here might indicate a concern that the workmen should understand him, to lessen their sense of awe. In Theseus, Shakespeare brings dignity and humanity to the familiar mythical hero; in Oberon, he embodies the most benign qualities of Elizabethan woodland sprites in a fairy king more vivid, concrete and passionate than any original of Oberon on whom he may have based his depiction. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Identity of Characters Identity of Characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Where Shakespeare's tragedies will tell the story, chiefly, of a single principal character, this is rarely the case with his comedies. The comedies are more social and deal with groups of characters. In the case of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the principal groups are, at first, introduced severally. Though, one group may interact with another (as when Puck anoints Lysander's eyes, or Titania is in love with Bottom) they retain separate identities. While each of the groups is separate, there are symmetries which appear among them: Theseus and Oberon (and, in a way, Bottom) are rulers and figures of authority in their proper spheres. Hippolyta and Titania are consorts who defy their lords, but ultimately submit to their lordship. Often one pair is to be contrasted with another: the well-matched lovers Lysander and Hermia contrast with the ill-matched Demetrius and Helena (they resemble Pyramus and Thisbe). Even Puck has his human counterpart in Philostrate. The serious strife of the young nobles contrasts with the good fellowship of the mechanicals while it resembles the contention of the fairy rulers. Complete depiction of a complex character (as in Hamlet) is not attempted here, and would be wholly out of place. This is not a fault but reflects the different concern here of the playwright. But we do find very economical portrayal of strong and vivid characters, in Puck, Bottom, Oberon, Titania, Theseus, Helena and Hermia. Of t hese, the first two stand out as among the greatest of Shakespeare's creations. Puck first appears at the start of Act 2, and is rarely off the stage from this point. He is essential to the narrative: he carries out his master's orders obe... ...ically as anything in the tragedies, his anti-greeting ("Ill met by moonlight...") almost a snarl. But his concern for the lovers, and his pity for the ridiculous dotage of Titania show how he is capable of gentler feeling. Theseus' obvious sympathy for Hermia in 1.1, has a parallel in his concern not to belittle the efforts of the mechanicals to celebrate his wedding: "The best in this kind are but shadows, and the worst are no worse, if imagination amend them". His prose speaking here might indicate a concern that the workmen should understand him, to lessen their sense of awe. In Theseus, Shakespeare brings dignity and humanity to the familiar mythical hero; in Oberon, he embodies the most benign qualities of Elizabethan woodland sprites in a fairy king more vivid, concrete and passionate than any original of Oberon on whom he may have based his depiction.

School Vouchers Essay -- Position Paper School Vouchers

School Vouchers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  School vouchers can be described as financial funding given to students who elect not to attend public schools. Therefore the government would not be spending money educating that student in a public school. A school voucher is the allotment of money that the government would have used for that student to attend public school. This money is then given to the family of the student to help fund the education of that student. This money cannot be used for anything other than education. There are many sides to take and many opinions to be had. It is very clear that the prospect of school vouchers is an issue to be debated. Some people feel that if they are not using the government’s form of education then they should be paid for not using it, in order to help finance other forms of education. On the other side of the issue, some people feel that school vouchers would be used in many cases to subsidize religious schools. This becomes a hot topic due to the separ ation of church and state. In short, does money not being used by a student belong to that student, and can it be used for a private, and sometimes religious, school. There are only two logical options to solve this dilemma of school vouchers. The first is that the government provides school vouchers to students not enrolled in the public school system. The second is that the government does not provide school vouchers to students not enrolled in the public school system. There are many stipulations that could be applied to both sides of the argument, but the bottom line remains the same. The government can either provide or not provide school vouchers. If the government should decide to provide school vouchers, there are both positive and negative aspects to that decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Considering that the United States government would grant school vouchers to students, there would be many positive gains. For instance, that choice would level the playing field, with regards to education, between low-income families and upper class families (Messerli). This would be accomplished by providing monetary funding to families of students that could not previously afford to attend an institution of private education. In turn, more students would be able to enroll in private schools. An increase in attendance at private schools would be a benefit to the whole of the education system. This ben... ...ios and variables presented, I would recommend that a nationwide voucher program be introduced. I feel that a voucher program’s benefits far outweigh the shortcomings. A voucher program would not only be beneficial to parents and students, but also to education as it stands today. Parents would benefit by basing their decisions about education on the worth of the school instead of on money. Students would benefit by having a choice between public and private school. Even students not involved in the voucher program would benefit, by smaller class sizes, more diversity, and better teaching due to competition between schools. Education as we know it today, both public and private, would benefit by having more choices, and would then be able to assist more students in reaching their educational goals. Bibliography Coulson, Andrew J. Should You Fear School Choice?. 22 Sep. 2004. Mackinac Center for Public Policy. 3 Jan. 2005. Helping state leaders shape education policy. 2004. Education Commission of the States. 3 Jan. 2005. Messerli, Joe. Balanced Politics. 2 Oct. 2003. 3 Jan. 2005. . The pros and cons in the school voucher debate. 2002. Pagewise, Inc. 3 Jan. 2005. .

Traveling West: Diary of Mary Graddy :: essays research papers

August 20th, 1821 Today is a day of hope and of great anticipation. John, my husband, has told me we are to leave to California tomorrow. We are to leave our small, pitiful home here in Massachusetts and find many opportunities in the west. We have heard of many men who have traveled west and discovered gold. â€Å"Gold covers California like a blanket,† they have told John. Our farm here leaves no opportunities for our family. Our two sons and three daughters are growing older and we wish for them to be prosperous. Not like now. Now, we have no money and our only value, our farm, is falling apart. I must pack very few belongings into our wagon and we must be ready to leave with the others when the sun rises in the morning. The elder girls, Anna, who is fifteen, and Lucy, who is twelve, are to help with the cleaning and packing all day. Fannie, seven years old, is very sick, and has some sort of flu. The doctor costs money, which we don’t have, so we are relying on our prayers and faith in God to help her. John and our two sons, William who is seventeen, and Andrew who is ten, are taking care of all last minute details for the farm, and my brother from Virginia is arriving tonight with his wife and baby daughter to care for the farm while we are gone and they are to live here unless we return. August 23rd, 1821 This is our third morning traveling and we are all anxious and eager to see this great place called California. The oxen are behaving well, and I believe we will make it there in a few months. Fannie is slightly better and she has ceased crying throughout the night as she did before we left. This is a sign from God. The Lord shall guide us through this and we shall overcome all obstacles and since Fannie’s fever has gone away I feel better about each new day. September 1st, 1821 Eight days since I have written and those days have been very relaxing. My children and I walk beside the wagon throughout the day and sing many joyous melodies. The weather is starting to cool down now and the breeze feels sensational as it whips through my hair and brushes over my skin. Traveling West: Diary of Mary Graddy :: essays research papers August 20th, 1821 Today is a day of hope and of great anticipation. John, my husband, has told me we are to leave to California tomorrow. We are to leave our small, pitiful home here in Massachusetts and find many opportunities in the west. We have heard of many men who have traveled west and discovered gold. â€Å"Gold covers California like a blanket,† they have told John. Our farm here leaves no opportunities for our family. Our two sons and three daughters are growing older and we wish for them to be prosperous. Not like now. Now, we have no money and our only value, our farm, is falling apart. I must pack very few belongings into our wagon and we must be ready to leave with the others when the sun rises in the morning. The elder girls, Anna, who is fifteen, and Lucy, who is twelve, are to help with the cleaning and packing all day. Fannie, seven years old, is very sick, and has some sort of flu. The doctor costs money, which we don’t have, so we are relying on our prayers and faith in God to help her. John and our two sons, William who is seventeen, and Andrew who is ten, are taking care of all last minute details for the farm, and my brother from Virginia is arriving tonight with his wife and baby daughter to care for the farm while we are gone and they are to live here unless we return. August 23rd, 1821 This is our third morning traveling and we are all anxious and eager to see this great place called California. The oxen are behaving well, and I believe we will make it there in a few months. Fannie is slightly better and she has ceased crying throughout the night as she did before we left. This is a sign from God. The Lord shall guide us through this and we shall overcome all obstacles and since Fannie’s fever has gone away I feel better about each new day. September 1st, 1821 Eight days since I have written and those days have been very relaxing. My children and I walk beside the wagon throughout the day and sing many joyous melodies. The weather is starting to cool down now and the breeze feels sensational as it whips through my hair and brushes over my skin.

Essay on Informal and Formal Griencance Essay

This essay will explore the difference between formal and informal Grievance process, how it can be prevented and a sample of the authors own work of grievance investigation and conclusion As a shift Manager and part of my responsibilities to ensure that we have a harmonious working relationship between staff and management. For the purpose of this essay, I will cover the Grievance process, how it can be prevented and a sample of grievance proceedings that I handled. A grievance is generally any complaint that has been presented by an employee to a management representative about an aspect of the employee work, working conditions or relationships. They are usually set out to the employer, either verbally or in writing. However, it is important to note that grievance can be presented in many forms and it should always be dealt with to minimise the risk of employment tribunal claims and awards. As part of our company policy and in our contract of employment, the company has adopted a ‘Positive Work Environment, which states that the company is committed to create a harmonious working environment, which is free from harassment and bullying and in which every employee is treated with respect and dignity.’ We have three forms of communicating to all our employees the company’s stance on grievance related issues, which covers staff understanding of what is grievance, the consequences if a grievance case against fellow employee is proven and the reporting procedures. Firstly, we will discuss grievance to all employees through the employee induction process, in their written contract of employment, which is normally issued to the employee after successful three months probation. And finally through the company hand book, which every employee is issued a copy, signed for and advised to read and follow the company’s policies therein. In addition and under the employment act 2002 (Dispute resolution) Regulation 2004, it is the duty of the employer to detect whether a complaint from an employee amount to an informal grievance, and if it is, such complaint should be dealt with through the organisation or that company’s grievance process. The following are common issues that can easily lead to grievance: †¢ Bullying and Harassment  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Discrimination †¢ Poor Management Practice †¢ Inadequate training †¢ Poor communication †¢ Unfair treatment †¢ Unclear job roles †¢ Failure in providing equal opportunities †¢ Personalities, Values, Workload and Expectations †¢ Changes to accepted customs and practices Once the Management understands that the above possible causes can lead to employee grievance complaints, the initial method to prevent it from happening is to adopt it into the company continuous improvement programme, which must form part of the management daily working activities, since issues of grievance can come from all sectors of employees working activities. The secondary prevention measures are how noticeable grievance cases are dealt with appropriately and quickly. As a rule of thumb, the initial approach to deal with grievance is to try and resolve it informally if possible. As it is always the case, leaving or ignoring grievance to develop can often lead to an escalation of the problem, which can lead to Managers having to spend time on endless investigation, lose of good employee and expensive Employment Tribunal proceedings. There are also multiple symptoms that an employee with perceived grievance can exhibit, which in many cases can affect the productivity of the company. For example, an employee may take more time off or sick off from work, or not performed his or her work duties to the optimum, which in many cases is a result of stress or anxiety from work. An experienced Manager or Supervisor should be able to detect some of these signs, talk to the employee concerned and informally resolved the issue as soon as possible. In a situation whereby a Manager could not detect a grievance through the behaviour of one of his employees, but it is established that an employee complaint is a grievance, that Manager should tell that employee that his complaint is a grievance, and must also explained to him his right under the company’s grievance provision to raise or report that matter (instilling confidence). The employee should be assured that the matter will be investigated and dealt with and there will not be any retribution from the company for reporting that issue. As per the grievance procedure contained in the company handbook and under the employment act 2002 (Dispute resolution) Regulation 2004, the employee must put his case in writing, but if for some reason the employee is unable to do this, the Manager should make full notes of the grievance and ask him/her to sign it as being a true representation. Once the written notification or the signed grievance note is given to the employer, an immediate and formal investigation should ensued. The employer should invite the employee in writing to a meeting to discuss the issue. This is an investigatory meeting to review the complaint, and not to give value judgements or comments, and certainly not any form of decision. The investigative officer should have an open mind, as all the facts may not be available to him. He should not pre-empt the decisions that will later be made. The aim at this stage is to identify the grievance, and be clear about the matter so that the company can resolve the grievance.

On the Road by Jack Kerouac Essay

On the lane by Jack Kerouac is largely autobiographical work attributed to the genre of stems of consciousness creation. The newfangled is based on the authors spontaneous trips with his friends across mid-century America. The novel is deeply inspired by poetry, jazz and medicate experiences. The author has changed many of the names, but some references are claimed to be real-world counterparts. In the cardinal parts and sixteen chapters the author describes awkward and crazy journeys of doyen, Sal and his friends across the country. dean Moriarty plays authorised role in the novel development as he symbolizes the changeable constitution of human relations and the dark fount of society. Nevertheless, he pushes and inspires other to act towards their destinies symbolizing changes and shifts. Dean is certainly negative character, though he has positive impact of Sal peerless of the protagonists as he makes his stronger and more confident. Dean lives in San Francisco, trave ls across the country. Kerouac defines Dean as the perfect guy for the road because he actually was born on the road. (p. 0)However, he presents Dean as natural state and sensitive character stressing that it is his craziness and talent that affects others to act. Dean drinks a lot, uses drugs and has many women. Moreover, he is a father of four children from dickens different women. Dean manages to change the animateness values of Sal. For example, before Sal meets Dean, he had on the button gotten over a serious infirmity thathad something to do withmy feeling that everything was dead. (p. 10) Deans character can be defined as embodiment of the whirlwind daytime and as Sals shifts from the East to the westbound Coast.Dean symbolizes changes acting as apparatus for movement beginning. Dean is zealous and unhinged personality, though he is captivating as well. Sal says about Dean the only stack for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to b e saved, desirous of everything. (p. 14-15) Therefore, Deans character plays essential role for Sals development as personality, as well as he is the embodiment of passion for life and unbroken activity.